托福独立写作例证段落如何开展？有哪些方法？

托福独立作文如何展开?托福独立写作是托福写作的第二部分，考察考生对某个话题独立阐述个人观点并给出支持性论据的英文书面表达能力。在这个部分的一大难点和重点在于主体段的展开，如何有效表明自己的观点，让读者信服，是考生备考托福写作时需要重点把握的。

托福写作成绩提升的标准与关键点：三个标准

一个标准主要是对内容的评价，相当于是不是将题目里牵涉的全部观点进行了讨论，这并不会反对你选择一边倒。有关此方面大家经常犯的错误是自说自话。若是有一些同学表示老师不会被电脑所取代，而后再主体段论述了老师的数个优势，此项的评分不会超过24分。托福的六分相当于大学入学考试的及格分，而辩证看问题的能力是入大学门槛的一个前提。

第二个标准成为了对论证过程的评价。大家是能够想象成一场辩论，你是正方，你的对面坐着反方。要如何说服对方，如此成为了议论的目的。所以此项的关键是论证的过程中逻辑清晰，论证合理。在此方面考生们常犯的错误是不够重视。此情况一般都是出现在那些语言水平相当不错的学生身上。议论文的交流尤其注重逻辑性，即辩论的流畅和信服度。建议这样的同学放弃对词句的过度追求，改用简单的语言，把自己的思想清楚的表达出来，六分便唾手可得。

第三个标准是词汇量，第四个是语法和句型。有关这两个项目基本上是针对语言能力的考察。因此针对那些语言基础不好的同学，27分好像就是无法逾越的障碍。其实，只要你的高中成绩能达到及格，27分就是有希望的。

1.下定义

在主旨表达完了以后，我们可以尝试对主旨句中的关键名词来进行下定义（是什么）；但是要注意，我们的下定义，并不是全方位的进行解释，而是有针对性的，要与与我们的主旨句和话题的态度来产生联系，比如下面这个话题。

话题：

Older teenagers(between 16 and 19)should be allowed to work at paid part-time job or not.

主旨句：

By doing part-time jobs, teenagers are able to improve their communication skills.

下定义：

Communication skills are very important skills that we can use to better express ourselves when giving information to other people by using signals such as speech, body movements, or online messages.

在这个话题中，我们尝试着对分论点中的communication skills来定义成通过语言、肢体语言等等来表达更好表达我们自己，一是想突出交流能力的确重要，二是可以引出我们后面可能会展开的信息，去描述清楚在兼职活动中我们是如何通过跟不同人用不同的交流形式来提升我们的交流能力。

2.因果解释

道理论证最常用的是因果展开，也是人类逻辑中最基础的关系之一。所谓因果，就是原因-结果，我们在上一篇文章中提到过，在表达主旨的时候可以尽量多表达一些结论/结果性的信息，所以接下来我们衔接主旨做的最直接的论证方式就是可以给出结果对应的原因why。

话题：

Children aged between 7 and 11 spend too much time watching television or playing video games, and this is causing problems.

TS1:

Spending too much time watching TV or playing video games is bad for children’s study and health.

因果论证：

Children usually lack self discipline, they tend to neglect their studies especially when they are addicted to video games, which will result in poor academic performance.

TS2：

In addition, it will aggravate the social problems, such as the youth crime.

因果论证：

It is common that some TV programs and video games contain some pornographic and violent contents, which should not be shown to young children. If they are exposed to such information a lot, they will have the tendency of violence.

3. 细节论证

细节论证是一种非常重要的充实我们主体段落的一种手段，相对于举例论证来说，它可以表达更多的细节，呈现更多事实依据。

TS:

Getting involved in more activities can be conducive to the all-round development of students.

因果论证：

It is self-evident that different activities can equip participants with various skills and abilities.

细节论证：

To illustrate, 1) students attending musical classes can learn how to appreciate the classical works of famous musicians and thus improve their aesthetic capability.

2) Similarly, participating in team sports will help students cultivate a sense of cooperation as well as enhance their leadership.

4. 举例论证

如果说道理论证就是讲道理，那么举例就是在摆事实。在论证观点的时候，我们经常用事实现象，具体的故事，甚至假定的情节等证明某个观点。

例子的使用很灵活，我们首先将例子分为泛例和特定例子。泛例是相对特定例子而言的。特定例子是指在议论文中有特定的、具体明确指示对象的事例。

泛例是指在议论文中没有特定的指示对象，却能指示一类现象的事例。在一篇议论文中，特定例子因其典型性强、易于分析而被广泛使用，但泛例也有着不可替代的作用。

一例深入法

话题：

Nowadays, children rely too much on the technology, like computers, smart phone, video games for fun and entertainment; playing simpler toys or playing outside with friends would be better for the children’s development.

主旨句：

In addition, video games can help children to learn strategic thinking, which is are also necessary for their growth.

5. 对比

对比论证是我们考虑使用的一种备选论证方式，当我们前期想到的细节和具体例子都很有限的时候，就可以在段落中论述意思相反的两种情况，这种方式在二选一话题中会更加有效。

话题：

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? It is better to relax by watching a movie or reading a book than doing physical exercises.

主旨句：

Moreover, exercises help people utilize their leisure time more constructively.

对比论证：

People gain motor skills and other relevant traits like strength, flexibility and coordination. //On the other hand, some books and programs on television end up making the viewers imitate bad habits which they see from the actors or read in the books. Since these groups of people lack time to release their stress, the chances of them developing bad habits is very high compared to those who engage in sports, games and exercises.

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